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Debits & Credits Cheat Sheet

The DEALER rule, normal balances, and the key ratio formulas — print it or keep it open while you study.

The DEALER rule

Dividends, Expenses, Assets increase with a Debit. Liabilities, Equity, Revenue increase with a Credit. Every entry's debits must equal its credits.

Account typeNormal balanceIncreaseDecrease
AssetsDebitDebitCredit
ExpensesDebitDebitCredit
DividendsDebitDebitCredit
LiabilitiesCreditCreditDebit
EquityCreditCreditDebit
RevenueCreditCreditDebit

Key formulas

The Accounting Equation

Assets = Liabilities + Shareholders' Equity

Current Ratio

Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities

Quick Ratio (Acid-Test)

Quick Ratio = (Current Assets - Inventory) / Current Liabilities

Debt-to-Equity Ratio

Debt-to-Equity Ratio = Total Liabilities / Shareholders' Equity

Gross Profit Margin

Gross Profit Margin = (Revenue - Cost of Goods Sold) / Revenue × 100

Net Profit Margin

Net Profit Margin = Net Income / Revenue × 100

Return on Equity (ROE)

ROE = Net Income / Shareholders' Equity × 100

Return on Assets (ROA)

ROA = Net Income / Total Assets × 100

Inventory Turnover

Inventory Turnover = Cost of Goods Sold / Average Inventory

Earnings Per Share (EPS)

EPS = (Net Income - Preferred Dividends) / Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding

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